hosting platforms, such as WordPress, Blogspot, and Blogger, are also blocked in Iran.37 The Government blocked the messaging application Telegram in 2018, 38 with an estimated 40 million monthly users, 39 and a number of its administrators have been arrested and charged with encouraging protests, “disturbing public opinion” and/or “promoting homosexuality”.40 During the 2019 November protests, the Government ordered a country-wide internet shutdown, impairing media coverage and the possibility to document acts of violence in real time.41 Despite the existence of several mechanisms that ostensibly accept complaints regarding violations of citizens' rights, such as the Article 90 Commission of the parliament (established based on Article 90 of the Constitution, offering a mechanism to citizens to file complaint against any of the three branches of power) and the Oversight Bodies for the exercise of Citizenship Rights in the country's provincial courts, there is no evidence to suggest that complaints to these bodies are independently reviewed and investigated.42 Additionally, as the aforementioned restrictions on otherwise protected activities under international law are enshrined into Iranian law, opportunities to seek justice are particularly limited. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has not upheld the fundamental human rights of freedom of opinion and expression and has not repealed all laws and policies which criminalize or restrict online expression. Online content has not been restricted only by independent and impartial judicial decisions. Recommendation Status: This recommendation has NOT been implemented. 37 Small Media, Digital Rights in Iran, UPR Submission, Session 34 : <https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=6980&file=EnglishTranslation > 38 Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/05/02/iran-assault-access-information 39 Small Media, Digital Rights in Iran, UPR Submission, Session 34 : <https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=6980&file=EnglishTranslation > 40 Small Media, Digital Rights in Iran, UPR Submission, Session 34 : <https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=6980&file=EnglishTranslation > 41 See more: Article 19, https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/TTN-report-2020.pdf 42 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee, Abdorrahman Center, Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (IHRDC), Impact Iran and Human Rights Activists in Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCCPR%2fICS%2fIRN%2f42313 &Lang=en 4