minority.23 Furthermore, provinces in Iran that are predominantly inhabited by ethnic minorities, such as Khuzestan with a majority of Awhazi Arabs, or Sistan-Baluchestan with a majority of Baluchis, are generally underdeveloped with a significant part of their population living under the poverty line.24 NGOs have reported a pattern of arrests, detention and prosecution targeting disproportionately members of minority or marginalized groups attempting to exercise their rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly. 25 26 27 28 29 30 In 2018, prison data showed that at least three quarters of Iran’s political prisoners are from ethnic minorities.31 Ethnic minorities, especially Kurds and Balochis, are over-represented in death penalty statistics. Many of the offenses carrying the death penalty, in particular drugrelated offenses and national security offenses, are among the charges most commonly used to target and convict minorities. Impoverished and marginalized minorities have been overrepresented among those executed for drug offenses. Additionally, Kurdish political prisoners charged with national security offences represent almost half of the total number of political prisoners. Overall, half of those executed for affiliation with a political party or a banned group between 2010 and 2018 were Kurds, while a quarter were Balochis and over one-tenth Arabs. Executions targeting members of ethnic minorities minority continue, notably against Kurdish dissidents.32 Between mid-December 2020 and early February 2021, at least 21 Balochi prisoners have been executed in Iran.33 There have also been serious concerns over the secret executions of 23 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee from All Human Rights for All in Iran, Association for Human Rights in Kurdistan – Geneva, Association for the Human Rights of the Azerbaijani People in Iran, Iran Human Rights Documenttion Center, OutRight International, Siamak Pourzand Foundation, Small Media, Impact Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/IRN/INT_CCPR_NGO_IRN_42317_E.pdf 24 Minority Groups, https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Rights-Denied-Violations-against-ethnic-andreligious-minorities-in-Iran.pdf 25 Center for Human Rights in Iran, https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2021/03/deaths-rising-in-sistan-and-baluchistan-as-unrestcontinues-amid-internet-shutdown/ 26 See more: Association for the human rights of the Azerbaijani people in Iran, http://www.ahraz.org/association-for-the-humanrights-of-the-azerbaijani-people-in-iran-ahrazs-repot-regarding-the-current-situation-of-the-azerbaijani-arrestees-that-arearrested-during-the-recent-protests-nove/ 27 See more: Kurdistan Human Rights Geneva, https://kmmk-ge.org/sd/annual-report-2020/ 28 See more: United For Iran, https://ipa.united4iran.org/en/prisoner/ 29 Center for Human Rights in Iran, https://iranhumanrights.org/2020/10/more-bahais-begin-serving-prison-sentences-in-iransimply-for-their-beliefs/ 30 See more: Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee from All Human Rights for All in Iran, Association for Human Rights in Kurdistan – Geneva, Association for the Human Rights of the Azerbaijani People in Iran, Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, OutRight International, Siamak Pourzand Foundation, Small Media, Impact Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/IRN/INT_CCPR_NGO_IRN_42317_E.pdf 31 Minority Groups, https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Rights-Denied-Violations-against-ethnic-andreligious-minorities-in-Iran.pdf 32 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/07/iran-two-kurds-executed-amid-increasing-use-ofdeath-penalty-as-weapon-of-repression/ 33 OHCHR News, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26716&LangID=E 4