Article 19 of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran, guarantees that all people in Iran enjoy equal rights, “regardless of the tribe or ethnic group to which they belong” and that “color, race, language, and other such considerations shall not be grounds for special privileges.” Though this article seemingly protects ethnic and linguistic minorities, the constitution omits religious or belief identity as a protected characteristic. Additionally, article 14 of the Constitution sets out that the government and Muslims in Iran are “duty-bound to treat non-Muslims in conformity with ethical norms and the principles of Islamic justice and equity, and to respect their citizen rights,”18 but this duty applies only to those “who refrain from engaging in conspiracy or activity against Islam and the Islamic Republic of Iran,”19 a charge that is regularly levelled against certain religious minorities and other ethnic groups. While it is technically possible to file non-discrimination complaints with the administration of justice court, the article 90 commission in the parliament, and Committees for supervisions of implementation of the Law on Respect for Legitimate Freedoms and Citizenship Rights, there is no evidence that judicial actions are taken in response to complaints of denial of fundamental human rights and freedoms on the basis of ethnic, religious, cultural or linguistic identities Ethnic minorities, especially Kurds and Balochis, are over-represented in death penalty statistics. Many of the offenses carrying the death penalty, in particular drug-related offenses and national security offenses, are among the charges most commonly used to target and convict minorities. These charges can carry the death penalty, especially in national security cases.20 Due to this, minorities might face execution for practicing their culture and/or religion. Impoverished and marginalized minorities have been over-represented among those executed for drug offenses. Additionally, Kurdish political prisoners charged with national security offences represent almost half of the total number of political prisoners. Overall, half of those executed for affiliation with a political party or a banned group between 2010 and 2018 were Kurds, while a quarter were Balochis and over one-tenth Arabs. There have also been serious concerns over the secret executions of Ahwazi Arab prisoners in 2018, as Ahwazi Arab activists have reported that 22 men were executed in secret in 2018.21 Reports received from Kurdistan of Iran alone indicate that between 2014 and 2019, 449 Kurdish border couriers were shot at and killed by Iranian border authorities, with another 554 couriers injured primarily due to border shootings.22 Though the Iranian government doesn’t publish accurate labor statistics which could be used to create 18 The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, General Principles (Chapter I, Article 14): http://www.iranchamber.com/government/laws/constitution.php 19 Ibid. 20 Human Rights Watch: https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/10/iran-death-penalty-protest-related-charges 21 Amnesty International, Iran: “Fears mounting for detained Ahwazi Arabs amid reports of secret executions”, 13 November 2018, accessible at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/iran-fears-mounting-for-detained-ahwazi-arabs-amidreports-of-secret-executions/ 22 KMMK-G, Human Rights Violations in Kurdistan of Iran, April 2020, accessible at: https://kmmkge.org/sd/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/KMMK-G-2019_Annual_Report-for-the-Attention-of-the-OHCHR-Desk-of-the-UNSpecial-Rapporteur-on-theSituation-of-Human-Rights-in-Iran.pdf 4