flogging and other punishments.42 Dozens remained imprisoned on charges including “gathering and colluding to commit crimes against national security”.43 Reports have shown that members of the Christian converts minority were regularly being arrested on the charges of “Christian activity” or “acting against national security through propaganda against the regime”.44 Members of the Baha’i faith, have faced a range of charges for manifesting their faith, including “collusion and assembly against national security” and “formation and management of an illegal Baha’i group with intent to disturb national security”.45 Members of the Baloch minority, estimated to be between 2 and 3 million,46 speak the Baluchi language with a majority being Sunni Muslim. Arabs in Iran represent up to 5 million individuals in Iran,47 a significant minority being Sunni Muslim. Similarly, Kurds, estimated between 8 and 10 million48 have a majority Sunni Muslim and include a minority Yarsanis. 49 As a consequence, these communities face intersectional discrimination, based on their ethnicity and language as well as religion. While it is technically possible to file discrimination complaints with the Administration of Justice Court, the Article 90 Commission in the parliament, and the Oversight Bodies for the exercise of Citizenship Rights in the country’s provincial courts, there is no evidence that judicial actions are taken in response to complaints.50 Hate crimes, such as motivated killings and desecration of cemeteries, particularly against Baha’is, have not been investigated by the Iranian authorities.51 52 In 2016, the Iranian High Council for Human Rights issued a booklet entitled “Some measures taken by the Islamic Republic of Iran on demands of ethnic groups, religious minorities and sects”.53 The same year, President Hassan Rouhani issued a Charter on Citizens’ Rights, a government-endorsed declaration providing guidance for the implementation of the principles, 42 See more: Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, https://iranhrdc.org/living-under-suppression-the-situation-of-gonabadidervishes-in-iran/ 43 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1318292020ENGLISH.PDF 44 EN-HRANA, https://www.en-hrana.org/a-report-on-fatemeh-mary-mohammadi 45 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 28 January 2020, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G20/021/53/PDF/G2002153.pdf?OpenElement 46 Taheri, A., The Baloch in Post Islamic Revolution Iran: A Political Study, University of Pune 2012, p. 24. 47 Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/29/iran-sweeping-arrests-ahwazi-arab-activists 48 UNPO, https://unpo.org/members/7882 49 Minority Rights Group, https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Rights-Denied-Violations-against-ethnic-andreligious-minorities-in-Iran.pdf 50 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee from All Human Rights for All in Iran, Association for Human Rights in Kurdistan – Geneva, Association for the Human Rights of the Azerbaijani People in Iran, Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, OutRight International, Siamak Pourzand Foundation, Small Media, Impact Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/IRN/INT_CCPR_NGO_IRN_42317_E.pdf 51 Ibid. 52 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 18 July 2019, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/222/62/PDF/N1922262.pdf?OpenElement 53 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 18 July 2019, https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/74/188 6