prisoners in 2018, as Ahwazi Arab activists have reported that 22 men were executed in secret in 2018.26 Since February 2018, members of the Gonabadi Dervishes faith have faced a crackdown, with hundreds arrested following a peaceful protest and over 200 sentenced to lengthy prison terms, flogging and other punishments.27 Dozens remained imprisoned on charges including “gathering and colluding to commit crimes against national security”.28 Reports have shown that members of the Christian converts minority were regularly being arrested on the charges of “Christian activity” or “acting against national security through propaganda against the regime”.29 Members of the Baha’i faith, have faced a range of charges for manifesting their faith, including “collusion and assembly against national security” and “formation and management of an illegal Baha’i group with intent to disturb national security”.30 While it is technically possible to file discrimination complaints with the Administration of Justice Court, the Article 90 Commission in the parliament, and the Oversight Bodies for the exercise of Citizenship Rights in the country’s provincial courts, there is no evidence that judicial actions are taken in response to complaints.31 Hate crimes, such as motivated killings and desecration of cemeteries, particularly against Baha’is, have not been investigated by the Iranian authorities.32 33 Arabs, Azerbaijani Turks, Baluchis and Kurds face targeted discrimination on the basis of their identity and are generally sidelined from general public services, including education and health care. Provinces in Iran that are predominantly inhabited by ethnic minorities, such as Khuzestan with a majority of Awhazi Arabs, or Sistan-Baluchestan with a majority of Baluchis, are generally undeveloped with a significant part of their population living under the poverty line.34 26 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/iran-fears-mounting-for-detained-ahwazi-arabs-amidreports-of-secret-executions/ 27 See more: Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, https://iranhrdc.org/living-under-suppression-the-situation-of-gonabadidervishes-in-iran/ 28 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1318292020ENGLISH.PDF 29 EN-HRANA, https://www.en-hrana.org/a-report-on-fatemeh-mary-mohammadi 30 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 28 January 2020, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G20/021/53/PDF/G2002153.pdf?OpenElement 31 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee from All Human Rights for All in Iran, Association for Human Rights in Kurdistan – Geneva, Association for the Human Rights of the Azerbaijani People in Iran, Iran Human Rights Documenttion Center, OutRight International, Siamak Pourzand Foundation, Small Media, Impact Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/IRN/INT_CCPR_NGO_IRN_42317_E.pdf 32 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee from All Human Rights for All in Iran, Association for Human Rights in Kurdistan – Geneva, Association for the Human Rights of the Azerbaijani People in Iran, Iran Human Rights Documenttion Center, OutRight International, Siamak Pourzand Foundation, Small Media, Impact Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/IRN/INT_CCPR_NGO_IRN_42317_E.pdf 33 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 18 July 2019, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/222/62/PDF/N1922262.pdf?OpenElement 34 Minority Groups, https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Rights-Denied-Violations-against-ethnic-andreligious-minorities-in-Iran.pdf 5