B) Impunity must also be addressed in order to facilitate accountability, provide redress for human rights violations and strengthen the rule of law, all of which are required to effectively promote respect for human rights in the country. Reports have documented numerous acts of extrajudicial executions, 24 25 26 27 28 29 enforced disappearances, 30 31 32 and torture and ill-treatment33 34 35 in the Islamic Republic of Iran that were not independently and impartially investigated, thus there was no accountability of perpetrators or redress afforded for the victims. UN Human Rights Mechanisms, including the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention36 and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Islamic Republic of Iran37, have decried the absence of independent and impartial investigations into crimes, the lack of accountability for perpetrators in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the insufficient redress for human rights violations. Despite the existence of several mechanisms that ostensibly accept complaints regarding violations of citizens' rights, such as the Article 90 Commission of the parliament (established based on Article 90 of the Constitution, offering a mechanism to citizens to file complaint against any of the three branches of power) and the Oversight Bodies for the exercise of Citizenship Rights in the country's provincial courts, there is no evidence to suggest that complaints to these bodies are independently reviewed and investigated or that cases are adequately adjudicated.38 24 OHCHR News, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25812&LangID=E Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, January 2020, https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F43%2F61&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop 26 Iran Human Rights, https://www.iranhr.net/en/articles/4059/ 27 Justice for Iran, https://justice4iran.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/SHOOT-TO-KILL-Preliminary-Findings-of-Justice-forIrans-Investigation-into-the-November-2019-Protests.pdf 28 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/05/iran-details-released-of-304-deaths-during-protestssix-months-after-security-forces-killing-spree/ 29 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1323082020ENGLISH.PDF 30 Communications transmitted, cases examined, observations made and other activities conducted by the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, July 2019, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Disappearances/A_HRC_WGEID_118_1_Advance.pdf 31 Communications, cases examined, observations and other activities conducted by the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, May 2019, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Disappearances/A_HRC_WGEID_117_1_ADVANCE.pdf 32 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1328912020ENGLISH.PDF 33 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2018, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/37/68 34 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, January 2020, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G20/021/53/PDF/G2002153.pdf?OpenElement 35 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1328912020ENGLISH.PDF 36 Communications transmitted, cases examined, observations made and other activities conducted by the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, July 2019, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Disappearances/A_HRC_WGEID_118_1_Advance.pdf 37 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, July 2020, https://undocs.org/A/75/213 38 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee, Abdorrahman Center, Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (IHRDC), Impact Iran and Human Rights Activists in Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCCPR%2fICS%2fIRN%2f42313 &Lang=en 25 4