smuggling of restricted items and drug-related offences and other offences whose investigation fall under the revolutionary court’s jurisdiction.45 In 2018, the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran repeatedly noted patterns of violations of due process and fair trial, often occurring within the context of revolutionary courts,46 where reportedly most death sentences are issued.47 Previous mandates of the Special Rapporteur raised concerns about the lack of independence of revolutionary courts and the influence of Iranian security forces over them, leading these courts to be viewed as “an extension of the coercive executive branch of the Government that operates to control all criticism or independent actions for securing rights”.4849 Similarly, NGO reports suggest that trials before revolutionary courts disproportionately target civil rights activists and members of religious minorities such as the Baha’is,50 and often do not respect the human rights safeguards provided under the right to a fair trial.51525354 Despite the existence of several mechanisms that ostensibly accept complaints regarding violations of citizens' rights, such as the Parliament’s Article 90 Commission (established under Article 90 of the Constitution, offering a mechanism to citizens to file complaint against any of the three branches of power) and the Oversight Bodies for the exercise of Citizenship Rights in the country's provincial courts, there is no evidence to suggest that complaints to these bodies are independently reviewed and investigated.55 Additionally, as Iranian authorities rely on the State’s legal framework to restrict the work of HRDs, access to justice is particularly limited. The Government did not take all necessary measures to guarantee that all human rights defenders are subject to fair proceedings before an independent and impartial tribunal. Recommendation Status: This recommendation has NOT been implemented. 45 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1327082016ENGLISH.PDF https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/37/68 47 See https://iranhr.net/en/articles/2839/ 48 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, August 2017, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/256/24/PDF/N1725624.pdf?OpenElement 49 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2014, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/120/75/PDF/G1412075.pdf?OpenElement 50 EN-HRANA, https://www.en-hrana.org/?s=revolutionary+court 51 Omid memorial case of Ahmad Nasiri, Abdorrahman Boroumand Center (https://www.iranrights.org/memorial/story/8023/ahmad-nasiri) 52 Letter of Zahedan Prison inmates, May 13, 2019, Abdorrahman Boroumand Center https://www.iranrights.org/library/document/3577 53 EN-HRANA, https://www.en-hrana.org/case-ahmadinejads-former-vp-sent-revolutionarycourt?hilite=%27revolutionary%27%2C%27court%27 54 See more: Abdorrahman Boroumand Center, https://www.iranrights.org/newsletter/issue/61 55 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee, Abdorrahman Center, Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (IHRDC), Impact Iran and Human Rights Activists in Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCCPR%2fICS%2fIRN%2f42313 &Lang=en 46 5