homosexuality”.41 During the 2019 November protests, the Government ordered a country-wide internet shutdown, impairing the possibility to document acts of violence in real time.42 Despite the existence of several mechanisms that ostensibly accept complaints regarding violations of citizens' rights, such as the Article 90 Commission of the parliament (established based on Article 90 of the Constitution, offering a mechanism to citizens to file complaint against any of the three branches of power) and the Oversight Bodies for the exercise of Citizenship Rights in the country's provincial courts, there is no evidence to suggest that complaints to these bodies are independently reviewed and investigated.43 Additionally, as the aforementioned restrictions on otherwise protected activities under international law are enshrined into Iranian law, opportunities to seek justice are particularly limited. In his March 2017 report, the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran urged the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to release all prisoners who have been jailed for exercising their right to freedom of opinion and expression. These include the seven individuals named in his report that were subject of opinions issued by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention between 2015 and 2016. Among them, Jason Rezaian44 (Opinion No. 44/2015), Bahareh Hedayat45 (Opinion No. 2/2016), Mohammad Hossein Rafiee Fanood46 (Opinion No. 25/2016) have been released. Ms. Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe47 (Opinion no. 28/2016) was released at the end of her detention sentence but as of March 2021 faces new criminal charges.48 As of January 2021, Zeinab Jalalian49 (Opinion No. 1/2016) remains in detention. Mr. Robert Levinson, whose detention was found arbitrary by the Working Group in 2016,50 reportedly died in Iranian custody.51 After the completion of his prison sentence, Mohammad Reza Pourshajari (Opinion No. 16/2015) was then transferred to Yazd to serve his time in exile in 2015.52 41 Small Media, Digital Rights in Iran, UPR Submission, Session 34: <https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=6980&file=EnglishTranslation > 42 See more: Article 19, https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/TTN-report-2020.pdf 43 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee, Abdorrahman Center, Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (IHRDC), Impact Iran and Human Rights Activists in Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCCPR%2fICS%2fIRN%2f42313 &Lang=en 44 United For Iran, https://ipa.united4iran.org/en/prisoner/1837/ 45 United For Iran, https://ipa.united4iran.org/en/prisoner/811/ 46 United For Iran, https://ipa.united4iran.org/en/prisoner/2272/ 47 United For Iran, https://ipa.united4iran.org/en/prisoner/2481/ 48 The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/mar/07/nazanin-zaghari-ratcliffe-reportedly-freed-but-may-face-newcharges 49 United For Iran, https://ipa.united4iran.org/en/prisoner/934/ 50 Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Opinion no. 50/2016, https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/WGAD/2016/50 51 United for Iran, https://ipa.united4iran.org/en/prisoner/3488/ 52 HRA, https://www.hra-news.org/2015/hranews/a-2760/ 5 Field Code Changed