decree (fatwa) concerning “association and dealing with Baha’ís”. He stated that, “[y]ou should avoid any association and dealings with this perverse and misguided sect.”24 While Iranian law theoretically forbids the investigation of individual beliefs, discrimination in access to employment is institutionalized through the practice of gozinesh, a mandatory screening process that anyone seeking employment in the public sector must undergo.25 The gozinesh criteria not only bar adherents of non-recognized religions from seeking employment, but also disadvantage anyone who holds views contrary to the official values of the Islamic Republic. Baha’is, for instance, continue to be categorically barred from public sector employment, and they also face serious restrictions in the private sector. For example, the authorities sometimes refuse to issue commercial licenses to Baha’is and have shut down scores of Baha’i-owned businesses for closing on Baha’i holy days.26 Since 2013 until 2019, there have been more than 803 incidents of violations of economic rights of the Baha’is, including arbitrary shop closures, unfair dismissal from employment and the actual or threatened revocation of business licenses.27 In terms of discrimination in access to education, the Iranian government continues to bar Baha’is from Iran’s state-run university system. Baha’is are either not allowed to enroll or are expelled subsequent to registration. In fact, Iran’s Court of Administrative Justice has ruled that the 1991 memorandum by the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution prohibits admission of Baha’is to Iran’s universities.28 In 2019, as of June 2019, 17 Baha’i students have been reportedly expelled from Iranian universities.29 In 2018, 50 Baha’i students were reportedly expelled.30 While it is technically possible to file discrimination complaints with the Administration of Justice Court, the Article 90 Commission in the parliament, and the Oversight Bodies for the exercise of Citizenship Rights in the country’s provincial courts, there is no evidence that judicial actions are taken in response to complaints.31 Hate crimes, such as motivated 24 Baha’i International Community, https://www.bic.org/sites/default/files/pdf/iran/the_bahais_of_iran__a_persecuted_community.pdf 25 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee from All Human Rights for All in Iran, Association for Human Rights in Kurdistan – Geneva, Association for the Human Rights of the Azerbaijani People in Iran, Iran Human Rights Documenttion Center, OutRight International, Siamak Pourzand Foundation, Small Media, Impact Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/IRN/INT_CCPR_NGO_IRN_42317_E.pdf 26 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee from All Human Rights for All in Iran, Association for Human Rights in Kurdistan – Geneva, Association for the Human Rights of the Azerbaijani People in Iran, Iran Human Rights Documenttion Center, OutRight International, Siamak Pourzand Foundation, Small Media, Impact Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/IRN/INT_CCPR_NGO_IRN_42317_E.pdf 27 Baha’i International Community, www.bic.org/sites/default/files/pdf/iran/overview_of_persecution-0119_2.pdf 28 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee from All Human Rights for All in Iran, Association for Human Rights in Kurdistan – Geneva, Association for the Human Rights of the Azerbaijani People in Iran, Iran Human Rights Documenttion Center, OutRight International, Siamak Pourzand Foundation, Small Media, Impact Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/IRN/INT_CCPR_NGO_IRN_42317_E.pdf 29 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 18 July 2019, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/222/62/PDF/N1922262.pdf?OpenElement 30 Center for Human Rights in Iran, https://iranhumanrights.org/2018/09/in-just-six-months-iranian-universities-expelled-50bahai-students-for-their-religious-beliefs/ 31 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee from All Human Rights for All in Iran, Association for Human Rights in Kurdistan – Geneva, Association for the Human Rights of the Azerbaijani People in Iran, Iran Human Rights Documenttion Center, OutRight International, Siamak Pourzand Foundation, Small Media, Impact Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/IRN/INT_CCPR_NGO_IRN_42317_E.pdf 4