‘return to order’ as a last resort, when an assembly has been deemed illegal by the local governors (at provincial, city or district levels) or in their absence - their political deputies and in consultation with local security councils. In such circumstances, the commander of operations can authorize the use of live ammunitions when all other means to control the assembly have been exhausted and an ultimatum has been communicated to demonstrators. If demonstrators use weapons, the police and other armed forces are allowed to use live ammunitions without prior authorization and do not need to abide to the conditions of last resort aforementioned. Reports of extrajudicial executions in the Islamic Republic of Iran are regular. 5 6 7 NGOs have documented a wide-scale pattern of extrajudicial executions in the context of the November 2019 protests, with at least 300 cases individuals being shot dead by Iranian security forces including members of the Revolutionary Guards, paramilitary Basij forces and the police. 8 9 10 11 As of December 2020, the Iranian authorities have not carried independent and impartial investigations into alleged extrajudicial killings and have not held perpetrators responsible for ordering and carrying those killings into account. Disappearances The current prisons operational regulations,12 passed in 1986, put the management of all prisons and detention centers and affiliated bodies under the responsibility of the Prisons Organization.13 Such provision is reiterated under Article 18 of the Prison Regulations passed in 2001. However, the existence of secret detention centers or facilities run outside the supervision of the Prisons Organization is not explicitly prohibited. Secret detention centers run by security and intelligence bodies, notably the Ministry of Intelligence and the intelligence unit of the Revolutionary Guards, remain reportedly prevalent in the Islamic Republic of Iran.14 Additionally, security and 5 OHCHR News, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25812&LangID=E Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, January 2020, https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F43%2F61&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop 7 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, July 2019, https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2F74%2F188&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop 8 Iran Human Rights, https://www.iranhr.net/en/articles/4059/ 9 Justice for Iran, https://justice4iran.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/SHOOT-TO-KILL-Preliminary-Findings-of-Justice-forIrans-Investigation-into-the-November-2019-Protests.pdf 10 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/05/iran-details-released-of-304-deaths-during-protestssix-months-after-security-forces-killing-spree/ 11 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1323082020ENGLISH.PDF 12 Full title: The Law Replacing the Supervisory Council on Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures with the State Prisons Organization and Security and Corrective Measures, 1986. 13 Prison Regulations, Article 18. In 1986, the Prisons Organization replaced the Supervisory Council on Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures. See the Law Replacing the Supervisory Council on Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures with the State Prisons Organization and Security and Corrective Measures, 26 January 1986, available on the website of the Islamic Parliament Research Centre at https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/91160. Article 9 of the Law required the passage of an executive by-law which was passed in July 2001, 15 years after the adoption of the Law of Alteration in 1986. The 2001 Prison Regulations were subjected to amendments in 2002 and 2010. 14 See more: Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1328912020ENGLISH.PDF 6 2

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