solitary confinement, sometimes lasting several month are regular in the Islamic Republic of Iran. 11 12 13 14 15 Reports of cases of torture in the Islamic Republic of Iran are regular.16 17 Amnesty International reported widespread and systematic use of torture by Iranian authorities against protestors during and after the November 2019 protests.18 As of November 2020, there is no readily available information that might indicate that Iranian authorities have opened investigations into allegations of torture committed by police, security and intelligence agents and prison officials in the context of the November 2019 protests. Despite the existence of several mechanisms that ostensibly accept complaints regarding violations of citizens' rights, such as the Article 90 Commission of the parliament (established based on Article 90 of the Constitution, offering a mechanism to citizens to file complaint against any of the three branches of power) and the Oversight Bodies for the exercise of Citizenship Rights in the country's provincial courts, there is no evidence to suggest that complaints to these bodies are independently reviewed and investigated.19 Additionally and as aforementioned, the absence of a crime of torture in itself under Iranian law prevents prosecution, which is limited to cases of torture provided under the law, and therefore hindering access to justice for victims. The Government and Parliament of the Islamic Republic of Iran do not ensure that prisoners are protected from all forms of torture and other ill-treatment. B. The Special Rapporteur recommends that the Government and Parliament ensure that confessions obtained through such treatment are never admitted as evidence against the accused 11 Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, https://iranhrdc.org/rights-disregarded-prisons-in-the-islamic-republic-ofiran/#2.1.1 12 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1310212019ENGLISH.pdf 13 En-HRANA, https://www.en-hrana.org/abdul-sattar-sheikh-transferred-solitary-confinement-evinprison?hilite=%27solitary%27%2C%27confinement%27%2C%27evin%27%2C%27prison%27 and https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/iran0108/iran0108web.pdf 14 Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/06/iran-free-students-long-solitary 15 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1335042021ENGLISH.pdf 16 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2018, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/37/68 17 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, January 2020, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IR/Report_of_the_Special_Rapporteur_on_the_situation_of_human_rights_in_the_ Islamic_Republic_of_IranA4361.pdf 18 Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1328912020ENGLISH.PDF 19 Joint submission to the Human Rights Committee, Abdorrahman Center, Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (IHRDC), Impact Iran and Human Rights Activists in Iran, 2020, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCCPR%2fICS%2fIRN%2f42313 &Lang=en 3